The agreement is not directed against India, but it alters the strategic environment in which India-Pakistan relations play out.

It could set the stage for a profound transformation of regional security in the Gulf.

A Saudi Arabia-Pakistan-Turkiye defence pact could complicate India’s security environment by deepening military, technological and diplomatic cooperation among the three…

Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey signed a Nato-style mutual defence agreement in Mecca on August 7, declaring that "any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be…

On August 7, 2026, the leaders of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan gathered in the holy city of Mecca to sign the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement. Saudi