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It took barely 48 hours for the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement to run into the question that will ultimately decide what it becomes: a historic security arrangement, or just another ambitious regional declaration.
Two days after Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan signed the pact on 7 August, Yemen’s Houthis said they’d struck Saudi Aramco’s Jazan refinery with a drone. Saudi authorities put the fire out quickly and reported no injuries. The political fire was harder to contain. If an attack on one member is treated as an attack on all three, what exactly were Pakistan and Türkiye now expected to do?
