Scientists have proposed a new way to describe black holes that could overcome a major limitation in one of Stephen Hawking's most influential ideas. The research introduces an updated approach to black hole thermodynamics that works even when black holes are changing over time, potentially offering new insights into how they form, merge, and slowly evaporate.
Black holes are among the most extreme objects in the known universe. They squeeze enormous amounts of mass into an incredibly small region, creating gravity so intense that not even light can escape. To understand these cosmic objects, physicists rely on Einstein's theory of general relativity and quantum mechanics.
In the early 1970s, Stephen Hawking and other researchers discovered surprising connections between the laws of thermodynamics, which describe familiar processes such as heating water on a stove, and the behavior of black holes.
"Hawking's laws of black hole mechanics provided a satisfying connecting between extreme and ordinary physics and have been the paradigm for 50 years, but they have a serious limitation," said Abhay Ashtekar, Atherton University Professor and Evan Pugh Professor of Physics Emeritus in the Eberly College of Science at Penn State and the leader of the research team. "They were formulated for black holes at equilibrium, or unchanging over time, but black holes are constantly changing, they form, merge and eventually evaporate. We wanted to find a way to overcome this limitation and extend the laws to black holes that are out of equilibrium."
