Iran is raising the costs of a continued war, for the US and Gulf nations. But could it — and the US — escalate further?

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The Middle East may be at a turning point. For the first time in decades, Gulf cities such as Dubai and Doha face risks to their economic stability, which depends on access to global markets and steady trade. Airspace restrictions and regional conflict have forced airlines to reroute or ground flights. Foreign investors are now questioning the region’s investment safety.

The war is challenging the Gulf states’ economic model, developed over the past 20 years.