The recent disruption in the Middle East, including the closure and uneven reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, has exposed a shift in the global energy system’s principal vulnerability. Initial conc…

The Strait of Hormuz closure is exposing Africa's energy vulnerabilities, pushing the continent toward refining capacity, renewables and new alliances.

Inventories have been depleted, refining capacity has been damaged and the US no longer appears capable of acting as the world's supplier of last resort.