The recent disruption in the Middle East, including the closure and uneven reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, has exposed a shift in the global energy system’s principal vulnerability. Initial conc…

The Strait of Hormuz closure is exposing Africa's energy vulnerabilities, pushing the continent toward refining capacity, renewables and new alliances.

The renewed disruption to traffic through Hormuz has once again choked off regional exports, threatening hopes for a recovery in Asian or Middle Eastern refinery activity.