Premier Giorgia Meloni said critical raw materials were among the issues she discussed with Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokayev during a bilateral meeting in Astana on Friday.

"We discussed many things, for example, we talked about the issue of critical raw materials," said Meloni, who also addressed the Astana International Forum on Friday.

"So not only oil and gas, energy infrastructure, all the areas where we already cooperate, including defense, where we have excellent collaboration.

"Thank you for this invitation and the warm welcome, and, above all, thank you for our very, very productive and wide-ranging discussions," the premier said, addressing Tokayev.

"I want to tell you that I think you are one of the most pragmatic leaders I have ever met in my life.