When it comes to Turkey, Europe is struggling to speak with one voice

Washington’s push for Europe to take greater responsibility for its own defence means capitals pushing for cooperation with neighbouring states – but when it comes to relations with Turkey, that isn’t easy.

Europe sees Turkey’s advanced defence industry as a means to fill critical capability gaps. However, Ankara’s long-standing divergence from EU foreign policy, coupled with threats of military action against Greece and Cyprus, complicate prospects for a sustainable strategic partnership.

What’s more, Europe never talks with one voice.

The bloc’s foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas has praised Turkey’s “very prominent role” in European security. However, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has argued that the Western Balkans should join the EU in part to curb Ankara’s influence in the region.