Geopolitical upheaval has thrown a wrench into the workings of the global aviation sector in the air and on the ground. The extent of the damage was quantified earlier this month at International Air Transport Association's (IATA) Aviation Energy Forum in Paris, France. The lobby group’s chief economist, Marie Owens Thomsen, said that conflict in the Middle East has slashed Europe’s jet fuel supplies by 40%, slowed GDP growth, ratcheted up operating costs and shifted air traffic flows yet again. The Mideast crisis has inflated airline fuel costs by anywhere between $10-$45 per passenger, according to Thomsen, with longer routes to avoid conflict zones also adding to fuel burn and emissions.