By Daisy Dunne

Design by Joe Goodman and Kerry Cleaver

19 May 2025

In the Arctic Ocean, around 400 miles from the north pole, lies the island of Svalbard.

Named after the Viking word for “cold edge”, the island lay largely undisturbed before it was used as a base for whaling in the 17th and 18th centuries and transformed into a coal-mining hub in the 20th century.