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Apple‘s machine learning research team has developed a breakthrough AI system for generating high-resolution images that could challenge the dominance of diffusion models, the technology powering popular image generators like DALL-E and Midjourney.

The advancement, detailed in a research paper published last week, introduces “STARFlow,” a system developed by Apple researchers in collaboration with academic partners that combines normalizing flows with autoregressive transformers to achieve what the team calls “competitive performance” with state-of-the-art diffusion models.

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The breakthrough comes at a critical moment for Apple, which has faced mounting criticism over its struggles with artificial intelligence. At Monday’s Worldwide Developers Conference, the company unveiled only modest AI updates to its Apple Intelligence platform, highlighting the competitive pressure facing a company that many view as falling behind in the AI arms race.