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Changes in specific bacteria in the mouth and gut of patients with Parkinson’s disease could potentially be an early warning sign that symptoms of the condition are getting worse, a study suggests.

With the help of artificial intelligence (AI), scientists have linked these shifts to cognitive decline – problems with memory and learning – in people with the disease.

They suggest the toxins could one day be used as “markers” for medics to pinpoint the Parkinson’s patients at a higher risk of dementia, as well as being used to help develop targeted treatments for the disease.