Although al-Qaeda’s senior leadership is marginalized and its capability and intent to conduct external operations remain unclear, the organization has survived through adaptation.

The current threat from al-Qaida is diffused. It relies on homegrown, lone-actor terrorists to carry out low-end attacks, such as stabbing and vehicle ramming.

In the 25 years since 9/11, al Qaeda has evolved from a centralised leadership under Osama bin Laden into a network of affiliates active in regions like Africa and South Asia,…