In 2021, Singapore tested heat-reflecting coatings on roads, roofs and walls; a field study found afternoon air up to 3.6°F cooler and thermal comfort improved by 2.7°F

The specific type of heat that rises off concrete and asphalt long after the sun has set is familiar to anyone who has strolled through a tropical metropolis in the middle of the afternoon. This phenomenon is known to scientists as the "urban heat island effect." Due to its near-equator location and year-round warmth, Singapore has more incentive than other cities to take that effect seriously.

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