How the Indus Valley created one of history's greatest civilisations without kings

The Indus Valley Civilisation flourished across what is now Pakistan and north-western India, becoming one of the world's earliest urban societies alongside ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, dating back 4,500 years. Yet despite building sophisticated cities, extensive trade networks and advanced drainage systems, archaeologists have found scarce evidence that it was ruled by powerful kings or pharaohs.

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