The 2026 FIFA World Cup has reignited debate over racism in football, but researchers argue that the problem extends beyond online abuse and discrimination. New research suggests deeply rooted racial stereotypes continue to shape the recruitment, development and transfer of African footballers, with academies often reinforcing global market expectations that favour physical attributes over technical ability.

Racial inequality happens through strategies that many experience as allowing for social mobility.

The 2026 FIFA World Cup has reignited debate over racism in football, but researchers argue that the problem extends beyond online abuse and discrimination. New research suggests…