Buterin outlined a two-step plan to shift Ethereum's state management to validators and replace per-epoch balance updates with ZK proofs.

Vitalik Buterin unveils the Lean Ethereum roadmap, a 3-to-4-year plan to overhaul the protocol with recursive STARKs, post-quantum crypto, and 10x lower

Vitalik Buterin's Extremely Lean Chain proposal would shrink Ethereum's per-validator beacon chain state from 48 bytes to 6, enabling millions of validators

Buterin outlined a two-step plan to shift Ethereum's state management to validators and replace per-epoch balance updates with ZK proofs.