Nearly 4.4 million animals vaccinated as South Africa procures 13.5 million FMD vaccine doses

State has secured 13.5-million vaccine doses to fight foot-and-mouth disease

South Africa acquired 13.5-million FMD vaccine doses since February, vaccinating 4.4-million animals—the nation's largest immunization program ever, costing R494m. The outbreak forced a shift from reactive to proactive biosecurity governance, requiring regional coordination and public-private frameworks—a critical-systems pattern for infrastructure teams.