The birth of European nuclear deterrence

French President Emmanuel Macron has just delivered what may prove to be the most consequential European security speech since the Cold War’s end. Drawing lessons from the long cycle of conflicts that began four years ago in Ukraine, Macron announced sweeping changes to France’s nuclear doctrine and unveiled a new framework for nuclear cooperation with key European allies. “To be free, one must be feared.” With that striking maxim, Macron laid out a vision he calls “forward deterrence,” which would redraw Europe’s strategic map.

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