Shaken by the unpredictability of the American president, the 27 member states declared at an extraordinary summit in Brussels on Thursday that they had learned lessons from the crisis, which saw them prepared to deploy the Anti-Coercion Instrument.

Trump has angered European leaders with his Greenland ambitions and tariffs-for-all-who-oppose approach.

World leaders were holding their breath ahead of the arrival of Donald Trump in Davos, Switzerland, seen as a watershed moment on Greenland's future.