In 2009, Ahmet Davutoglu, top adviser to Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkiye’s prime minister at the time and now president, said that “the road to Paris passes through Africa,” emphasizing that Ankara’s decision to deepen ties with Africa would strengthen, rather than undermine, its European ambitions. Since then, Turkiye has significantly expanded its presence in Africa with a combination of soft and hard power, incorporating defense, economic, cultural, and political engagement. There were concerns that Turkiye might leverage its growing influence to counter the policies of EU member states.