In 1997, NASA sent a lightning sensor into orbit aboard TRMM to study storms. 29 years later, the mission’s data still helps scientists understand lightning, rainfall and climateSynopsisNASA's Lightning Imaging Sensor aboard TRMM studied lightning's role in weather. Earlier missions observed lightning from space, revealing hidden electrical activity. These experiments showed lightning could be seen from above clouds. Research also examined lightning's connection to El Niño and rainfall patterns.Lightning sensor in space (Photo: AI/Gemini)Disclaimer: This is an AI-generated artistic visualization depicting the TRMM satellite and its sensors, and is not an actual space photograph.In 1997, NASA's Lightning Imaging Sensor, or LIS, was sent into orbit aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, known as TRMM. Developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, LIS was designed to help scientists understand the role of lightning in weather and climate.TRMM was launched by Japan's National Space Development Agency and carried five instruments. Alongside LIS was the first radar designed to map rain from space, as well as sensors that observed clouds and moisture using visible and infrared light and microwaves.When operations began, TRMM's instruments provided new information about how clouds work, including the role played by lightning.LIS was designed to study lightning and rainLIS images and data were intended for research in five areas: global lightning and rain; tropical convection and sea surface temperatures; rainfall estimates from geostationary orbit; the global electric circuit and lightning; and atmospheric chemistry.NASA had been observing lightning from space since 1981The TRMM mission followed earlier lightning research at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. During the second Space Shuttle mission in 1981, Marshall scientists modified a 16mm movie camera so astronauts could record lightning from above the clouds rather than from below. A version of the camera later flew aboard a high-altitude U-2 research aircraft.You Might Also Like:During the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment, cameras in the shuttle's payload bay recorded hundreds of nighttime lightning flashes. Some were spectacular events that lit up entire storm systems, while flashes in one region were sometimes followed by flashes in another.These experiments showed that lightning could be observed from above the clouds. They also showed that most of the electrical activity in clouds was not seen or detected by electrical sensors on the ground.Space observations revealed hidden electrical activityGround-based lightning detection systems use the Earth as part of their detection network and show cloud-to-ground strikes.The space-based experiments showed that much of the electrical activity inside clouds was not detected by these ground-based systems.You Might Also Like:NASA's Optical Transient Detector, or OTD, later operated aboard the Microlab 1 satellite, launched in 1995. OTD and LIS were almost identical, although some minor improvements were made for LIS. OTD operated at a higher altitude and had a wider field of view.Lightning research also examined El NiñoResearchers also studied relationships between lightning, rainfall and larger weather patterns. During the first week of February 1983, Central Florida experienced the most widespread severe weather outbreak in its history. The outbreak produced 21 tornadoes, killed four people and left 200 homeless.Goodman and Christian, along with Steve Goodman of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, examined warm, cold and neutral El Niño/Southern Oscillation periods from 1986 to 1989 in the southeastern United States, as per a ScienceDaily report. They found a direct relationship among rainfall, lightning, Gulf moisture transport and upper-level winds.TRMM carried lightning observations alongside other measurementsTRMM carried LIS alongside instruments that measured rainfall, clouds and atmospheric moisture. The mission followed NASA Marshall's earlier observations of lightning from above the clouds, including experiments using the Space Shuttle and the Optical Transient Detector.You Might Also Like:LIS images and data were intended to support research into global lightning and rainfall, tropical convection and sea surface temperatures, rainfall estimates from geostationary orbit, the global electric circuit and lightning, and atmospheric chemistry.Read More News on(Catch all the US News, UK News, Canada News, International Breaking News Events, and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.) Download The Economic Times News App to get Daily International News Updates....moreless