Detecting artificial intelligence in A-level coursework is getting “harder and harder”, making history and English among the subjects most vulnerable to cheating, the head of England’s exam regulator has warned.

Sir Ian Bauckham, the chief regulator of Ofqual, told The i Paper that supervised exams were “the most secure guarantee” of students’ work and that a move from paper to on-screen exams could hurt students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Speaking ahead of A-level results being published this week, he said students’ achievement would be similar this year compared to last year, when a record proportion of students received A and A* grades.

‘AI is getting so clever’

Bauckham’s remarks come after the Education Secretary criticised learning in England for being “dominated by pen and paper” and said she would make changes to the curriculum and assessment system so that it is “fit for the world of work”.