If you are working with ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tools like Hibernate or Spring Data JPA, there is a high chance you will run into a common performance issue called the N+1 Problem.
Whether you work with Java, Node.js (Prisma), Python (Django), or C# (.NET), this concept applies to almost every modern backend framework.
The N+1 problem occurs when an ORM executes 1 initial query to fetch a list of records, and then executes N additional queries to fetch related data for each item in that list.
Instead of fetching all the required data in one single query, your application ends up making $1 + N$ queries to the database.
The N+1 problem usually happens when three conditions are met:
