1099-Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the First Crusade1456-Hungarian army under John Hunyadi defeats the forces of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and ends the Siege of Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár), halting Ottoman expansion in Europe for 70 years1515-First Congress of Vienna settles issues between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire, demonstrating the Habsburgs' growing influence1942-300,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto are sent to Treblinka Extermination Camp1952-Poland adopts Communist-imposed Constitution1963-Sarawak achieves independence from British colonial rule2011-Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, a bomb blast targeting government buildings in central Oslo and a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Utøya