More than 40% of U.S. workers now use artificial intelligence (AI) on the job, but relying on the technology to replace critical thinking and creativity could hurt long-term career growth, according to a report published Sunday.

Sandra Matz, a professor at Columbia Business School, warned that using AI to “outsource critical thinking or creative reasoning” could leave employees complacent and make their work increasingly indistinguishable from others, according to a report by CNBC. A March study by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis found that 43% of U.S. workers already use AI in their jobs.

AI As A Productivity Tool

Matz said AI works best as a productivity tool that removes repetitive work or serves as a brainstorming partner, rather than replacing human judgment.

Americus Reed II, a marketing professor at the Wharton School, described excessive dependence on AI as “cognitive surrender,” saying workers should spend less time processing information and more time creating meaning.