More than two million Russian and Ukrainian troops have been killed or wounded in the four years that Russia has been waging war against its neighbor, according to a new study, a bleak milestone as Russia’s assault grinds on.The study, published Wednesday by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, said Russia has borne the heavier toll, with 1.4 million troops killed or wounded since February 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine.Of that total, 450,000 were killed, a number four times greater than U.S. fatalities in all wars combined since the second World War.Ukrainian forces have suffered 525,000 to 625,000 casualties, including 125,000 to 150,000 deaths, the study said.[ Putin’s Russia faces fuel shortages amid Ukrainian drone strikes and diplomatic setbacksOpens in new window ]Officials cautioned that casualty figures have been difficult to estimate throughout the war because Moscow is believed to routinely undercount its war dead and injured, and Ukraine does not disclose its official figures. The study relied on casualty figures from US and British government estimates, among other sources.But the figures are a grim accounting of Russia’s slow progress in Ukraine, with Russian troops proceeding in some places at less than 165 feet a day. In February, Ukraine gained more ground than it lost for the first month since 2023 as it went on the offensive in the south, the analysts said.“Russia’s territorial control in Ukraine shrank in the spring of 2026,” the study said. “Russian forces lost more ground than they captured in both April and May, a net loss of roughly 400 square kilometers and their first monthly net losses since August 2024 — yet another sign of Russia’s military struggles.”Family members and friends of Vasyl Ratushnyi, a Ukrainian soldier killed in February last year, gathered in Maidan Square during his funeral in Kyiv, Ukraine. Photograph: Nicole Tung/The New York Times Ukraine received a small assist in February when Elon Musk unexpectedly blocked Russian troops from using his satellite internet service, Starlink. That gave Ukrainian forces a brief reprieve from drone assaults and more ease of movement, analysts said.Russians outnumber Ukrainians on the battlefield almost three to one, and Russia has a larger population from which to replenish its ranks. So even though the study puts the number of Ukrainian troops lost at a smaller amount, Ukraine is losing a larger share of its smaller army.More than 400,000 Russians are believed to be facing about 250,000 Ukrainians on the front line, military analysts say.Russia has maintained its troop levels despite the high casualties by carrying out its first draft since the second World War and by enlisting felons and debtors, among other tactics. Russa’s president Vladimir Putin has paid bounties to new recruits and has pressed people accused of crimes to enlist in exchange for dismissing charges.In addition, in 2024 and 2025 North Korea sent more than 10,000 soldiers to help Russia take back its western Kursk region, where Ukraine had captured territory.The study said that in 2026, Russia’s monthly casualty rates of 30,000 to 34,000 probably exceeded its recruitment rates of about 27,000 new recruits per month.[ How significant was Ukraine’s drone attack on Moscow?Opens in new window ]The report comes as US president Donald Trump has largely disengaged from the war in Ukraine. At a summit in France last month, Trump made clear that the conflict, which he once said he could end in 24 hours, was not among his priorities.“Look, we have nothing to do with it,” Trump said, adding, “It has no impact on us, other than we sell weapons” to Ukraine.His remarks underscored a new security reality for US allies in Europe, who for eight decades relied on US protection until the Trump administration made it clear that protection was a thing of the past.A residential building damaged by a Ukrainian drone strike in Moscow in May of this year. Photograph: Nanna Heitmann/The New York Times