Brigitte Granville fears that the costs of a political backlash over free riders could outweigh any efficiency gains.
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Economics
Jun 26, 2026
Brigitte Granville
Although textbook microeconomics shows why less energy-market fragmentation would be better for Europe as a whole, that does not mean it would be a good deal for countries producing low-carbon electricity at minimal marginal cost. In fact, if more integration creates free riders, the political backlash could be profound.
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