You know the moment. You've got a Parquet file or a fat CSV, you write the obvious pd.read_parquet(...), and Python sits there. Then either it finishes in its own sweet time, or you get the message everyone who's done data work in Python has seen at least once:
MemoryError: Unable to allocate ... for an array
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The file is bigger than your RAM, pandas wants the whole thing in memory at once, and your laptop says no.






