“Not even time for birds to fly to southern skies.” That is a line from Stevie Wonder’s “I Just Called To Say I Love You”, a song that has stood the shifting fads of time. And that line refers to an avian pattern that has persisted through time. It hints at birds migrating from the north, escaping its inclement winter to sojourn in the south. While the escape will continue winter after winter, the sojourn can undergo changes of address, depending on local factors, anthropogenic and climatic.

Welcome to the choices made by migratory birds: the how and why of it.