Donald Trump once again loomed large over the European Union's latest attempts to demonstrate unity, despite leaders not specifically mentioning the US president by name.
Increasing US indifference to European security is "the elephant in the room", French President Macron told the European Political Community (EPC) summit on Monday.
Europe has an "over-reliance on the US security umbrella", Macron also said at the gathering of European leaders in Armenia.
Meanwhile UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer admitted that Europe's alliances "are not where we want them to be" - comments apparently aimed at the US. He again urged the bloc to move at pace in bolstering its defences.
EPC gatherings are supposed to be less formal than their more rigid multilateral counterparts.
