Nato leaders meeting in The Hague have agreed to ramp up defence spending to 5% of their countries' economic output by 2035, following months of pressure from US President Donald Trump.
In a statement they said they were united against "profound security threats and challenges, in particular the long-term threat posed by Russia to Euro-Atlantic security and the persistent threat of terrorism".
However, there was no mention of Russian aggression in its war in Ukraine, which there had been a year ago.
Nato leaders did reaffirm their "ironclad commitment to collective defence" - the Article Five mutual security guarantee if any one member comes under attack.
"No-one should doubt our capacity or determination should our security be challenged," said Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte. "This is a stronger, fairer and more lethal alliance that our leaders have begun to build".
