An extremely energetic photon from GRB 221009A has puzzled physicists. This photon traveled over two billion light-years to reach Earth detectors. Standard physics predicts such high-energy photons should not survive this vast cosmic journey. Researchers are exploring axion-like particles and Lorentz invariance violation as explanations. These new theories offer a more consistent interpretation of the observation.

"We started from a very simple question: how did this photon survive a journey that, according to known physics, should have destroyed it?"

An extremely energetic photon from GRB 221009A has puzzled physicists. This photon traveled over two billion light-years to reach Earth detectors. Standard physics predicts such…