Humanoid robots are built on a complex network of suppliers, components and manufacturing capabilities built across borders. If the US seeks to build a modern robotics industry by separating itself from the global manufacturing networks that enable more efficient production, it risks limiting its own ability to scale the industry.

Physical Intelligence cofounder Sergey Levine said US robotics research relies on outsourcing cheap but reliable parts from China.

Rules aim to reshore production, but firms warn of higher costs and delays