The question is whether the next plan will escape the old development imagination that has survived many governments.

Kenya's greatest development challenge is not the absence of ambitious national plans but the lack of policy continuity across successive governments.

Ruto acknowledged that Vision 2030's ambition of making Kenya an upper-middle-income country by 2030 remains "off target".

The question is whether the next plan will escape the old development imagination that has survived many governments.

Kenya’s flagship economic plan is facing renewed scrutiny after falling well short of its central promise of delivering sustained double-digit economic growth.