In the early 1980s, Dutch ecologist Frans Vera introduced Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer together into the Oostvaardersplassen, a stretch of reclaimed wetland in Flevoland province that had been left undeveloped after failed plans to use it for industry. Vera's idea was that these large grazing animals, left to roam freely without human intervention, would recreate the open landscapes he believed large herbivores had maintained across pre-agricultural Europe, before farming and fencing reshaped the continent.

Discover the challenges and controversies of the Oostvaardersplassen project, where ecologists attempted to recreate wild Europe with cattle, horses, and deer but faced ecological…

In the early 1980s, Dutch ecologist Frans Vera introduced Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer together into the Oostvaardersplassen, a stretch of reclaimed wetland in Flevoland…