After the 2011 tsunami, Japan spent billions building towering concrete seawalls along its coast, but scientists now say many of the barriers disrupted coastal habitats, cut off beaches from the sea and hindered natural shoreline recovery

The devastating Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, claimed more than 15,000 lives and damaged entire coastal communities across northeastern Japan. Following that, the Japanese government launched one of the world’s biggest coastal defence programs, investing billions of dollars to rebuild and expand the seawalls across the affected prefectures, including Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima.

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