A new Iran means an Iran different from the one we have known for four decades. Perhaps a modern civilian-led system could emerge. Or it could be the current system but with different policies, moving toward openness, including toward the West, ending its status as a “state of war” and engaging in political and economic competition and new regional alliances. Is this a cause for concern? If so, why? Some of those who believe this theory argue that the old, besieged Iran is safer for its neighbors than an open Iran.