Natural resources have long been central to global politics, including influencing geopolitical alliances. However, the competition for such resources is intensifying because of factors including climate change, the energy transition, and growing geoeconomic rivalry. In recent years, Europe has perhaps been the continent most caught out by these trends. The Ukraine war triggered a severe energy shock which showcased the heavy overdependence of the continent on Russian resources. Subsequent actions by the EU have shown that there is a determination that this cannot be allowed to happen again.