Artificial intelligence leaders like OpenAI and DeepMind see themselves as being in a race to build artificial general intelligence: a model capable of performing any intellectual task that a human can. At the same time, the US and Chinese governments see the AI race as a national security priority that demands massive investments reminiscent of the Manhattan Project. In both cases, AI is seen as a new form of hard power, accessible only to superpowers with vast computational resources and the means to convert them into economic and military dominance.