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Zambia's President Hakainde Hichilema sworn in for a second term. [Screen grab]

Zambia's President Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in for a second term Tuesday with the main opposition leader -- who was the runner-up in last month's elections -- in jail on treason charges.

The August 13 ballot was marred by allegations of intimidation, pro-government bias and restrictions on the opposition, tarnishing the copper-rich country's democratic reputation.

Thousands of people wearing the red colours of Hichilema's UPND party packed the Lusaka stadium as he took the oath at a ceremony attended by a handful of African leaders.