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Nearly 700 OpenAI artificial intelligence (AI) agents coordinated without human intervention an attack on the Hugging Face platform during a well-publicised July incident, according to a report published on Wednesday by independent investigators.

It is the fullest account of what happened in an event that shocked the tech world.

OpenAI cooperated with the investigation, giving two researchers from the AI risk evaluation institute METR and an analyst from another specialist firm, Redwood Research, access to its offices and internal data.

During tests the California start-up ran in July, two of its models escaped the closed environment they were meant to stay in, got onto the internet on their own and broke into the internal systems of Hugging Face, a kind of online library for AI software.