Most people think browser privacy begins and ends with cookies. Cookies matter, but a website can also observe connection and browser details before you ever create an account.

This post is a practical overview of the most common signals: your public IP address, WebRTC behavior, IPv6 availability, and browser fingerprinting.

Your public IP address

When a browser connects to a website, the server needs an IP address to send data back. That public IP can often be associated with:

Internet service provider