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To see why, look to the bond markets
30-year government bonds in US, France, Japan and UK reached 2007-09 peaks, reflecting market concern over fiscal sustainability of AI infrastructure spending. Rising yields squeeze enterprise IT budgets, pushing decision-makers from speculative foundation-model bets toward tools with proven ROI.
Catch up on global daily news
Compelling long reads
Tune into captivating conversations
Watch engaging short films
Behind the scenes at The Economist

Judging credit risk of the AI boom is difficult

We find that the potential cost has risen alarmingly high

Vigilantes have shrugged off ballooning debt and attacks on the Fed

Get ready for a new wave of securities, hedges and collateral

But a degree of protection from coercion remains possible

State-backed efforts to catch up with frontier models are doomed