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Back in 1957, William Shockley should have owned the future.

He had co-invented the transistor, won the Nobel Prize, and had eight of the brightest young engineers in America working under him in his Mountain View, California, laboratory.

Instead, all eight engineers quit because they found Shockley impossible to work for.

With no product and no revenue, the eight quickly realized that no institution or company would support them. Back then, the suburbs and farmland south of San Francisco and north of San Jose weren’t exactly “Silicon Valley” yet. The budding tech firms in the region weren’t quite ready to invest in unproven ideas.