A “modern leather” table lamp, listed online at Walmart, shot up from $24.99 to $39.
The price of an air fryer on a retail site called Newegg went from $84.99 to $149.99.An electric ice-cream maker was listed at just $17.99 at Amazon and Best Buy. Then it became unavailable at Best Buy, and more than tripled in price to $59.99 at Amazon.The price hikes and the product disappearances were not the blips of supply and demand – they were the results of behind-the-scenes pressure by Amazon, according to internal emails reviewed by the Guardian and court claims against the world’s largest company.For years, as many Americans have felt squeezed by the costs of basic consumer goods, Amazon has deployed a variety of techniques that have incentivized suppliers to push for higher product prices on other retailers’ sites, California authorities claim in court.In some internal emails, Amazon employees have flagged low product prices on rival retailers’ sites as threats to Amazon’s own profitability, and informed the products’ suppliers that their sales on Amazon.com have been cut – or might soon be cut – going forward.Other emails describe Amazon slashing its product prices to match retail rivals like Walmart and Home Depot, then pushing suppliers to compensate it for the revenue lost due to these lower prices.Chart of price increases to products after Amazon contacted suppliersTo escape this financial pressure, some suppliers have responded with a fast and cheap alternative: making sure the prices of their products are higher with Amazon’s rivals, or pulling their products from those rivals altogether, according to internal records cited in litigation.Over the last decade, Amazon has suppressed the sales of some suppliers’ products or demanded millions of dollars in compensation from them because of the low prices of Amazon’s retail rivals, according to a trove of internal company emails, presentations and notes reviewed by the Guardian, as well as interviews with 15 current or former Amazon supplier representatives, company employees and state and federal law enforcers.The mass of internal Amazon records were obtained from Amazon by California’s attorney general as part of a lawsuit that alleges the company has engaged in widespread price fixing, which is defined as arrangements among companies that seek to raise or otherwise control the prices of products or services.The Guardian examined those records, as well as hundreds of pages of deposition testimony of current and former employees of Amazon and supplier companies. Most of the documents and depositions – which were partially unsealed in recent months – have never been publicly reported on.The California attorney general, Rob Bonta, alleges that Amazon’s tactics have coerced suppliers into raising the prices of their products with its rivals.In the case of the ice-cream maker, Bonta’s office points to emails that say Amazon temporarily took “down” the supplier’s inventory off its platform – a move that prompted its manufacturer, a firm called Maxi-Matic, to scramble to pull its inventory from Best Buy, eliminating Amazon’s price competition from the electronics retailer.By the end of that day, Amazon had put Maxi-Matic’s product “back live” on Amazon.com and more than tripled its price, the records show.Diagram of how the price of an ice cream maker increasedIn the case of the air fryer, Amazon “suppressed” the product’s sales on its platform and told its supplier that it would stop ordering several of its products for Amazon.com – unless the supplier agreed to reimburse Amazon for revenues the online retailer had lost due to its practice of copying competitors’ lower prices, according to emails revealed through the attorney general’s lawsuit.This spurred the supplier, a kitchen appliance firm called Chefman, to move to secure a price increase for the air fryer at Target and an online retailer called Newegg as it hashed out an agreement to reimburse Amazon $100,000 on top of the $400,000 it had already given back, according to the emails.Asked about the air fryer’s price jump, Mark Friedman, Chefman’s senior vice-president of global sales, told the Guardian: “I can’t talk to you because I still do business with Amazon and I don’t want to bite the hand that feeds me.”Amazon’s written responses to the Guardian did not respond to questions about these specific incidents. The company accuses the California attorney general of “distorting a handful of emails” out of “nearly one million vendor communications” to “suggest a far-reaching conspiracy among unspecified thousands of vendors and retailers”.Amazon says it works hard to protect customers from “paying too much” and to negotiate economic terms that allow it “to offer products at the competitive prices” that “customers expect from Amazon”. It also says the California attorney general’s suit is “asking the court to prevent Amazon from negotiating with its vendors to lower prices, likely leading to higher prices for Amazon’s customers”.The incident involving the price hike for the leather table lamp, for example, was part of a broader exchange about dozens of products on Amazon.com sourced from a New Jersey based supplier called All The Rages.The email exchange shows that Amazon negotiated for cost decreases for many of the supplier’s other products, ensuring lower prices for consumers on Amazon.com.But the messages also refer to raising the prices of other items sold by Amazon’s competitors.After Amazon reached out, an All The Rages employee named Joseph Martin replied that his company had “contacted” various unnamed retailers “to fix the retail” and had seen an increase in retail prices “for a lot of the items already”.Two days later, Martin told Amazon that the lamp price at Walmart had increased from $24.99 to $39. “We should be good now,” he said.Martin told the Guardian that the lamp’s price change “reflected the correction of a pricing error”.“Any decision regarding retail pricing was made by Walmart and Amazon, so you would have to ask them about their pricing decisions,” said Martin, who added that his company believes the California attorney general’s claims “are without merit”.Amazon and Walmart declined to provide statements about this specific incident.‘It seemed like he knew what was happening’While such tactics can generate savings for Amazon consumers, they can also raise prices for consumers shopping elsewhere, an effect that company employees on the ground were well aware of, according to supplier representatives as well as former Amazon employees who spoke to the Guardian on the condition of anonymity.One former vendor manager, who worked at Amazon from 2022 to 2024 before getting laid off, said that on phone calls with suppliers he tried to be upfront about the fact that raising prices with Amazon’s competitors could help them avoid demands that they compensate Amazon for lower-than-anticipated profit margins.“Hey, if you can make sure this product doesn’t continue to be sold at this lower price point, then we don’t have to keep revisiting this discussion about margin,” the former Amazon vendor manager recalled telling suppliers.A former Amazon “customer success” manager said that Amazon staff had “very black-and-white conversations” with suppliers about the prospect of raising prices with Amazon’s competitors.“They’d say, ‘You need to go to Target. You need to go talk to Walmart to get them to raise their price,’” he recalled.An Amazon Prime delivery van sits parked near a Walmart store on 3 September 2020 in Richmond, California. Photograph: Justin Sullivan/Getty ImagesThe former customer success manager told the Guardian that higher ups instructed Amazon employees to have certain conversations with suppliers over the phone in order to avoid a digital trail of potential price-fixing allegations.“The only rule was, ‘Do not have this in writing’,” he recalled.The former employees’ accounts echo several Amazon emails and presentations relied on in court by California’s attorney general. One from 2022 reminds staff to “not use email” for certain conversations with suppliers. Another email from 2020 reminds staff to “keep in mind it is often best to have these conversations over the phone”.Amazon did not directly respond to questions about these sources’ statements and those presentations cited in court by the attorney general. But in legal filings, the company has pointed to other instructions it disseminated to staff barring them from making agreements with vendors or competitors on pricing.Ryan Turano, chief technology officer of a fertilizer company called AgroThrive, told the Guardian that when Amazon’s profitability was threatened due to its price matching, an Amazon vendor manager would reach out to him and sometimes list off businesses like Walmart or Home Depot for him to contact.“He’d go, ‘Home Depot is probably causing the problem, talk to your vendor manager there to see what you could do,’” recalled Turano. “It seemed like he knew what was happening.”In one internal email, that Amazon manager asked Turano for an “update on the price match issue we discussed”. Turano told him that he had “just got out of a meeting with the Home Depot manager,” who had “agreed to raise the prices this time”.Home Depot declined to comment on the email.Turano blamed Amazon for the pressure that resulted in price increases like the one he negotiated for with the home improvement retailer.“We were at their mercy. Because we didn’t have the resources to push back,” Turano said.“It was just a nightmare. It didn’t feel good,” he added. “It’s almost understandable. Because they’re so big they can do whatever they want.”Amazon – which recently surpassed Walmart as the world’s biggest company by revenue – is currently facing multiple court cases alleging price-fixing.Price-fixing lawsuits against Amazon being pursued by the California attorney general and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are both slated to go to trial in early 2027. The company is also battling similar claims in a private class action lawsuit in federal court in Seattle and a legal action pursued by Washington DC’s attorney general, which was initially dismissed but revived on appeal.Amazon denies the claims in the various court actions and says its practices encourage lower prices, incentivize competition and create greater product selection for consumers.In the California case, Amazon told the Guardian that the price fixing theory asserted by the attorney general is “legally untenable, with the state offering no evidence of any communication between Amazon and any other retailer, much less an agreement among them to fix prices. The practices California challenges are common in the retail industry and part of the pro-competitive give-and-take between Amazon and its vendors.”In 2022 Amazon agreed to pay $2.25m to resolve claims by Washington state’s attorney general that it forced some merchants to raise prices for products they sold through the company’s “Sold by Amazon” plan. The company made no admission of liability and said it strongly believed the program was legal.The power of algorithmsAmazon has long prided itself on offering Americans the lowest prices online.The company points to studies showing that over the last nine years, Amazon has consistently offered consumers the lowest prices among major American retailers and academic research suggesting that the competition between online and traditional retailers has driven down product prices and might have actually tamped down on inflation in years past. According to a 2025 study from the analytics firm Profitero+, Amazon’s prices were on average 14% lower than its leading competitors.But the FTC and California lawsuits allege the company’s vaunted price floor is a mirage, obscuring its behind-the-scenes efforts to drive up its competitors’ prices.Throughout the 2010s, Amazon systematically mapped the prices of its main retail rivals across the internet, according to testimony of current and former Amazon employees in depositions conducted by the FTC and California authorities.In 2011, Amazon had a team of about 200 to 250 people using a hybrid mix of manual and automated methods to surveil competitors’ prices, Karthik Mitta, a former Amazon director, testified last year in a deposition in the FTC case. By 2019, Mitta testified, that team had grown to nearly 2,000 people, enabling the company to use web crawlers to collect pricing information and monitor tens of thousands of competitor sites.Harnessing this knowledge of pricing data across the internet, Amazon adopted what one executive called a “game theory” approach to pricing which could help it evade the costs of a “perfectly competitive market”, according to the FTC’s lawsuit.Amazon developed an algorithm that rapidly copied rivals’ price changes “to the penny”, according to the FTC. If retail rivals raised or lowered its price, the FTC claimed, Amazon would do the same.An associate updates the price on a sale item at a Walmart store on Black Friday in Columbus, Ohio, on 28 November 2025. Photograph: Brian Kaiser/Bloomberg/Getty ImagesThe company did not respond directly to questions regarding allegations about its algorithm, but pointed the Guardian to academic literature and industry reports noting how common it is for retailers to track prices and for suppliers to try to enforce minimum prices for their products.Arjun Narayan, a former general manager for Amazon’s vendor program, told the Guardian that the company’s price-following tactics were designed to ensure that the company continued to fulfill founder Jeff Bezos’s original mission: that it strive to help customers find “anything they might want to buy online” at “the lowest possible prices”.“If I figure out that you’re actually selling at a lower price elsewhere, the very promise is defeated, right?” noted Narayan, who now advises brands with his own firm, SalesDuo.The FTC argues the algorithm sought to instill another lesson among Amazon’s competitors: they could not compete with Amazon by offering lower prices, so with no better options left, they may as well raise their prices – increases that Amazon’s algorithm would then happily follow.‘We will discontinue from your problematic competition’In 2020, three days before Black Friday, Amazon informed Armen Living, a California based furniture supplier, that it “had to suppress and remove” one of its office chairs from its platform, according to emails released in the California lawsuit.Amazon had bought the chair, a minimalist curvy unit with a walnut wood exterior and a chrome-plated steel base, for $79 a pop, and had planned to sell them on its site for $116.45.But another retailer in the market happened to be selling the same chair for just $58.62, and Amazon had matched that price, which was so low that Amazon was losing money on every sale.Following the price reduction, Amazon made clear to Armen Living that if it wanted to have the chair “back” up on “the website soon”, it was up to the furniture brand to do something about the financial squeeze caused by Amazon’s own programmatic price matching.In an email, Paige Nguyen, an Amazon vendor manager, laid out three options that the furniture company could choose from to “help address” the issue: It could compensate Amazon for the revenue loss – paying Amazon $57.83 for every chair sold on the site.
