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The U.S. government has been making considerable efforts to shore up the domestic supply chain for critical minerals and other materials used in industries from automobiles and clean energy to defense, aerospace and consumer electronics.

Earlier this year, it reached critical minerals agreements with the European Union, Japan and Mexico, and President Donald Trump signed an executive order to create a $12 billion critical mineral stockpile meant to reduce U.S. dependence on other countries for these minerals and materials.

In addition, the U.S. Department of Energy has been working to bolster the domestic critical minerals supply chain through its Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation. Here are some of its latest efforts.

University of Nevada, Georgia Tech Research Corp.