Joint ventures on defence, green energy and telecoms suggest how country could join bloc in stages rather than wait for full status

When the first Ukrainian-designed drone to be made in a German factory rolled off the production line last month, Volodymyr Zelenskyy knew it marked a turning point for the economy.

With drone-making joint ventures also well advanced in Finland and Denmark, war-torn Ukraine has shown how its businesses can adapt and break out of their bomb-threatened domestic confines, becoming more integrated into the EU’s industrial network with each passing day.

As the grim four-year anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine is marked on Tuesday,the Ukrainian economy continues to shows resilience under great strain.

Last year, the economy was expected to grow by 2% to 3%, but Russia’s rockets and drones reduced the rate of expansion to 1%.