The United States strikes a reassuring tone; Europeans pledge stronger defenses while the Ukraine war grinds on and China makes bold promises.

At the Munich Security Conference, which wound up pm Sunday, AFP spoke to Rachel Ellehuus, director general of British defence think-tank the Royal United Services Institute, about her key takeaways.

Trump sends calmer 'grown-ups'

A year after U.S. Vice President JD Vance stunned the MSC by attacking Europeans on democracy and civil rights, Donald Trump sent more moderate members, Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Elbridge Colby.

"There was a deliberate attempt this year to send so-called grown-ups," Ellehuus said.