In Bamako, Mali's capital city, the familiar sounds of car engines and horns have been replaced by those of shuffling feet.
Residents push depleted motorcycles through the city's dusty roads, frustrated by the fuel blockade that has paralysed Mali for more than two months.
Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), a jihadist, al-Qaeda-affiliated militia, has been attacking tankers bringing fuel into Mali, broadening its years-long insurgency to include economic warfare.
JNIM's fighters have kidnapped drivers and torched more than 100 trucks bound for Bamako.
Daily life has been upended for millions of Malians - schools and universities had to close, food prices have surged and hospitals are battling power cuts.
